Circumstances before 1965
1. Death of Nehru
The death of Nehru created political uncertainty in the INC because people, at that time, used to think that there was no other best leader as Nehru. There was a fight going on for the PM.
2. Indo - China War
Pakistan was thinking that India had recently badly defeated by China and it may be possible India gets defeated this time too. So its a right time to take Jammu & Kashmir away from India.
3. Naga problem
The people of Nagaland were demanding for their separate country.
4. Two back to back drought
There were droughts occurred one after another and this lead Indian economy in slowdown.
5. Jabalpur riots
There was a riots happened between Hindu & Muslim in Jabalpur.
Dispute over Sir Creek
Operation Gibraltar
Now Pakistan planned an operation named operation Gibraltar because of some past story.
In this operation, Pakistan sent its armies in civilian uniform to start an uprising in Kashmir. They reached and started attacking on government building and destroyed communication and created chaos. The hidden purpose of them was to show that Kashmiri citizens wanted Independence but fortunately, even Kashmiri people started helping Indian government in the process of identifying Pakistani armies. So this operation was shutdown completely, at last.
Operation Grand Slam
In the operation Chamb, Pakistan sent armies and started fighting. There was a very intensive fight going on between India and Pakistan in J&K.
1965 WAR
This time Pakistan wanted to capture Akhnoor war, so that Indian supply of POONCH RAJOURI SECTOR can be stopped. So the army General met to Lal Bahadur Shastri and requested about to open western front and warned about the consequences that after opening western front, full scale war would be started. As Lal Bahadur Shastri was a strong leader, all he said was given his permission to do so even after knowing the result. The fight on the second front was fought with tanks and India successfully won the war.
1965 WAR : Ceasefire and Tashkent Agreement
1. Pakistan were thinking that China would help them but China didn't help Pakistan and criticised India.
2. The secretary General of U.S.A, U.Thant travelled to capitals of both countries and declared ceasefire.
3. After sometimes, the USSR invited the President of Pakistan Ayub Khan and Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri to Tashkent to sign on an agreement.
4. The agreement talks about returning back the important captured area of Lahore to Pakistan and India got the area of Sir Creek back.
The reason behind this agreement was International pressure and economic development of India.
Reason behind winning the war
A very important question coming in your mind is what made India won the war over Pakistan whereas India lost the war with China in 1962. There were more factors and lessons learned India during and after Indo - China war.
1. 2nd front opening
The decision taken by Shastri proved the right one because opening of second front led to decrease the pressure on Kashmir.
2. Air force use
During Indo - China war, India had comparatively weak Air force at that time but during India - Pakistan war, Indian air force played a vital role in winning the war.
3. Support from Kashmir
Kashmiri citizens supported Indian government a lot. Pakistan were thinking that Kashmiri people would support them but unfortunately, they didn't work in favour of Pakistan.
4. Military weapons shopping
After losing with China in 1962, India learned that investing in military equipment is very essential for winning a war. So Indian foreign minister travelled to various countries and purchased so many during 3 years which ultimately, helped India in winning the war with Pakistan.
5. Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
The slogan was a huge motivation for the country and it helped in uniting the states.
Consequences of the war
1. Morale boosting
After losing the war with China, India faced humiliation but later on, after winning the war with Pakistan, the morale of India upsurge.
2. USSR friendship treaty
The relationship of India with USSR became cordial because of India's winning the war with Pakistan. In 1971, India signed a treaty with USSR.
3. Military importance
After losing the war with China, India understood the importance of military but after winning the war with Pakistan, India started maintaining a good military.
Below given some previous years questions asked in UPSC examination regarding above given topic. You must go through it to get a deep insight of it.
Q. Analyse the circumstances that led to Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the agreement. UPSC 2013.
Q. Write a critical note on the evolution and significance of the slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kishan" . UPSC 2013.
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